• humans are more complicated than Aquinas thinks
• criticism of Aquinas’ reason
• secondary precepts are too much of a leap from primary precepts
• one action can have two valid telos
  • sex for pleasure and reproduction
• ‘god knew me before he formed me’
• Aquinas’ reason follows God when it should be independent
• married 3 times to younger women - own ethics may be slightly twisted
• criticism of deontological nature of natural moral law
• secondary precepts are too specific and may not fit with current societal standards